Engineering Explained: 4 Reasons Why Transmissions With Loads Of Gears Are A Good Idea
Just because companies do something does not mean it’s necessarily a great idea from an engineering standpoint. A perfect example is that many modern CVT transmissions have stepped gears where the CVT simulates a series of gear ratios so that the driver feels upshifts, as that’s what people are used to. While a more efficient algorithm is possible, this is the best way of luring potential buyers in. In this case, marketing beats engineering, and that’s not as rare as it sounds. That said, there are legitimate reasons why cars are starting to see eight, nine, and even 10-speed transmissions:
- Efficiency
- Faster Acceleration
- Higher Top Speed
- People Hate CVTs
1. Efficiency
Understanding the efficiency benefit of using multiple gears is fairly simple. There are some general rules of thumb, such as the fact that often the most efficient way to travel at a set speed is to use as low of an RPM as possible. Lower RPM means less frictional losses, and fewer power strokes per minute, resulting in better fuel economy.
Now it gets more complicated than this, as accelerating in your highest gear possible isn’t necessarily the most efficient thing to do. In top gear, your car is working too hard to overcome a gearing disadvantage (higher gears mean less wheel torque) to accelerate. The more gears a transmission has, the more flexibility it has to find the most efficient engine speed for a given wheel speed. This is a large part of the draw to CVTs, as the exact ideal gear ratio can be chosen at any time.
The Aston Martin Vanquish is going to be the poster child for a lot of this article, as it proves what a simple transmission upgrade can do for performance. When the Vanquish switched from a six speed to an eight speed ZF transmission, the 0-60mph time dropped from 4.1 to 3.6 seconds, all with the same engine. So how is this possible? Lets say the six speed transmission tops out in second gear at 80 mph. Now let’s say the 8 speed offers shorter gearing since there are more ratios to choose from, so it tops out in second gear at 65 mph. Because the 8 speed offers more aggressive ratios, the wheel torque will be higher up to 65 mph, and thus the acceleration is improved.
Equally impressive is that Aston Martin packaged this transmission within the same size transaxle as the previous six speed, keeping weight and dimensions nearly identical. Now while more gear ratios can allow for more wheel torque at certain speeds, it is worth noting that more gearshifts results in more time spent not accelerating.
3. Higher Top Speed
With a simple transmission change, the Aston Martin Vanquish went from a top speed of 186mph to the more elite 200mph club (201mph, to be exact). How? The easiest explanation would assume that the previous Vanquish was limited by gearing, and thus was limited to the top speed of the final gear. As far as accelerating up to that speed, it’s all about wheel torque. I’ve done the maths based on gearing, and the eight-speed Vanquish tops out at 201.5 mph in 6th gear. But you wouldn’t want a gear this aggressive to be in the car for highway driving, so higher gear ratios are used for seventh and eighth gears. To put this simply, Aston Martin made a gear that enabled it to reach exactly 201mph; it’s geared as aggressively as possible for reaching this top speed.
To engineers, CVTs are brilliant solutions to both fuel economy and acceleration. But thankfully, our world isn’t so boring that every decision made is based purely on logic (even if I’d prefer it). Car buying is an emotional endeavor, and marketing suggests that many people simply do not like CVT transmissions. For some, it’s the loss of gearshifts (which has been compensated for through set ratios). For others, it’s the unknown of repair costs, mostly due to a new technology being introduced poorly.
For whatever reason, people are still hesitant to buy CVT transmissions, and marketing teams are well aware of this. Adding gear ratios to an automatic gives you some of the benefits of a CVT, without you losing any dignity over your transmission selection. Personally, I’d take a CVT over a planetary automatic any day (of course, three pedals is preferred). They’re smoother, more efficient, capable of better acceleration, and even often shift quicker when pre-set ratios are selected. But there I go with logic again… and wholeheartedly I do agree that variety is the spice of life.
Comments
is it only me who likes CVT transmissions?
Why? Just, why?
I had fun in my 2012 maxima. Had a cvt, kinda gutless off the line but was fun from 30mph rolls. Not preferred over a manual but still fun
Any transmission is great as long you know how to tune it.
not really
You forgot the most important one of them all: The Fast and Furious franchise will sound more logical with so many gears. 😛
The producers of the franchise are probably funding the manufacturers
The problem with CVT is that when you floor it, your engine is screaming it’s head off.
But in normal manual gearboxes your engines goes up and down and that’s less stressful.
you can set it to not do that
Plus you don’t get that ever annoying whine. That pisses me off so much.
CVT has too much slip and that means slower acceleration and higher fuel consumption.
I find that pretty funny. You floor it and you have the idea you go flat out al the time :’)
CVTs are mostly used in normal daily cars. And you don’t floor those often if it has enough power. I reckon it is really good when driving normally. No changing gears, just constant, smooth acceleration. Really nice for normal driving.
Cvt is bad
Dont forget the patented mercedes 8-speed auto which allows for faster gear changes due to the positioning of its gear wheels. Not to mention the dual clutch principle etc.
Cvt sucks auto or manual I need to hear my car shift it would bother the heck out of me never hear it shift
if the car was manual i couldnt see more than 6 forward + reverse being implemented, but in the next 5-10 years 90% of cars will have DSG/Flappy paddles and having 8,9,10 hell 11 gears isnt as confusing in those cars since you just press the paddle when the car is at the revs.
CVT is smart but i dont think it gives the controlling feel of other gearboxes.
Tractors have had cvt gearboxes for around 20 years now, you get loads more grip when in the field and they’re a lot nicer to drive on the road (considering a lot of tractors are around 150hp and can weigh up to 31 ton, you need a LOT of gears to keep a tractor moving) cvt boxes allow all that to happen easily and rather than revving the engine to 2500rpm redline they can be tuned to just rev to 1500rpm and stay there
That’s interesting. How much torque does a tractor have?
There’s a limit to everything… Of course adding more ratios can improve performance, but every additional gear brings less and less gain, until it starts going the other way because the time dedicated to shifts becomes detrimental to acceleration. It all depends on the engine and on its power curve (as well as the specific fuel consumption curve). If the power curve is relatively flat for a relatively large rpm range, then you don’t need as many gears. Performance wise, you need to take as few gears as possible to keep the weight down as well as complexity and mainly cost. As far as CVTs are concerned, they’re the ideal thing on an engineering point of view, but they usually have quite some internal friction and they don’t really enable to fully benefit from their theoretical potential yet.